Journal of the American Academy of Religion Advance Access originally published online on June 11, 2007
Journal of the American Academy of Religion 2007 75(2):383-417; doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfm006
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Beef, Dog, and Other Mythologies: Connotative Semiotics in Mah
yoga Tantra Ritual and Scripture1
Christian K. Wedemeyer, The University of Chicago Divinity School, 1025 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
E-mail: wedemeyer{at}uchicago.edu
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Scholars have long debated how the antinomian elements in the Buddhist Tantras are to be interpreted. Some maintain that they are to be taken literally; others that they are figurative or "symbolic." Both, howeverin approaching these statements as examples of directly denotative natural languagemiss the most essential aspect of the semiology of these traditions. This paper demonstrates that the Buddhist Mah
yoga Tantras employ a form of signification (theorized by Roland Barthes) called "connotative semiotics," in which signs (a signifiersignified union) from natural language function as signifiers in a higher-order discourse. Employing these semiological tools enables criticism to recognize that what is fundamentally operativein both ritual performance and scriptural narrativeis a grammar of purity and pollution in significant dialog with both earlier Buddhist Tantras and broader Indian religious norms. This suggests that such antinomianismfar from representing either "tribal" practices or rarified yogic codesreflects concerns native to mainstream Indian religion.